Low Power
Voltage Scaling
Reducing supply voltage to decrease power consumption, trading off performance.
Detailed Explanation
Dynamic power scales with V², making voltage reduction highly effective. However, lower voltage increases delays—gates switch slower. Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS) adjusts both together: lower voltage with proportionally lower frequency maintains timing while saving power.
Different power domains can operate at different voltages. Level shifters convert signals between domains. Near-threshold voltage operation maximizes efficiency but increases sensitivity to variations.